The VNA is calibrated in much the same manner that the zero function on an ohmmeter subtracts out the resistance of the test leads. These imperfections include not only the nonideal nature of cables and probes but also the internal characteristics of the VNA itself. Calibration also corrects the imperfections of the measurement system. VNAs rely on calibration for accuracy even in measurements with the reference plane defined at the instrument front panel connectors or at the ends of cables. VNA calibration is the process of measuring devices with known or partly known characteristics and using these measurements to establish the measurement reference planes. Craig Stewart, in Comprehensive Microsystems, 2008 1.17.5.2.1 VNA calibration fundamentals
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